Quizology.Online

“There is much pleasure to be gained from useless knowledge.”

— Bertrand Russell

Tag: science

  • What ‘*’… — Answers

    Today’s Answers

    African pygmy mouse, one of the world’s smallestt rodents. See question three.
    Image A-Z Animals

    Very straightforward today.

    One

    What ‘A’ best describes -273.15º C and −459.67º F?

    Answer: Absolute zero.

    Absolute zero is 0 K (−273.15 °C), the lowest theoretically possible temperature; it can’t be reached in practice.


    Two

    What ‘B’ is defined as ‘vision using two eyes with overlapping fields of view, allowing good perception of depth’?

    Answer: Binocular vision.

    Binocular vision is the brain’s ability to combine what both eyes see into one image, helping with depth perception and judging distance.


    Three

    What ‘C’ is the world’s largest living rodent, and on what continent are they endemic?

    Answer: Capybara; South America.

    Capybaras (Hydrochoerus) are large semiaquatic rodents ranging from Panama to Argentina; Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris is the largest living rodent, whereas the lesser capybara (H. isthmius) is smaller. Both are classified as least concern for endangerment, maintain a vegetarian diet, swim to evade predators, and serve as sources of food and leather.


    Four

    What ‘D’ is the first part of the small intestine?

    Answer: Duodenum.

    The duodenum is the shortest small intestine section in most vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles and birds, and may be the main iron absorption site in mammals. In humans, this hollow tube links the stomach to the jejunum and comprises four parts.


    Five

    What ‘E’ is Mozilla Thunderbird?

    Answer: E-mail client.

    Mozilla Thunderbird is a free, open-source personal information manager operated by MZLA Technologies Corporation and managed by the elected Thunderbird Council. It provides email, calendar, contacts, RSS, chat and news across multiple platforms and was modelled on Firefox.


  • What ‘*’…

    African pygmy mouse, one of the world’s smallestt rodents. See question three.
    Image A-Z Animals

    Very straightforward today.

    One

    What ‘A’ best describes -273.15º C and −459.67º F?


    Two

    What ‘B’ is defined as ‘vision using two eyes with overlapping fields of view, allowing good perception of depth’?


    Three

    What ‘C’ is the world’s largest living rodent, and on what continent are they endemic?


    Four

    What ‘D’ is the first part of the small intestine?


    Five

    What ‘E’ is Mozilla Thunderbird?


    Good luck! I’ll post the answers later.


  • 7 Up — Answers

    Today’s Answers

    Elvis Presley..
    Image Wikimedia Commons

    Today’s questions all relate to this date, 2 October, but have nothing else in common. Although numbered one to five there are seven answers.

    One

    On this day, Charles Darwin returned to the United Kingdom after his five-year voyage making observations and gathering specimens, which led to his theory of evolution. In what decade did he return to the UK; and what connects this voyage to Charlie Brown’s dog?

    Answers: 1830s; Beagle

    In 1836, Charles Darwin returned to Britain from his voyage on HMS Beagle, and Charlie Brown’s dog Snoopy is a beagle.


    Two

    Mummy brown, a shade of brown which appeared in the news on this day in 1964 was a colour which was named so because it was:

    • The mother of all shades of brown
    • The colour of habit worn by the Superior Mother Superior of the Carmelite Order
    • A pigment made from the flesh of mummies

    Answer: A pigment made from the flesh of mummies.

    Mummy brown, made from mummies, pitch and myrrh, was popular among Western European artists and Pre-Raphaelites such as Delacroix and Burne-Jones. Demand fell by 1915 and supply ended mid-twentieth century due to scarcity and poor quality.


    Three

    In 1954, Elvis Presley appeared on the radio show the Grand Ole Opry On how many occasions in total did he appear on this show?

    • Once
    • Twice
    • Three Times

    Answer: Once.

    The appearance on 2 October 1954, which received a mediocre reaction. was his only appearance on the Grand Ole Opry. He had more success with an appearance on the rival Louisiana Hayride show.


    Four

    In 1937, a speech by the Dominican Republic’s Dictator, Rafael Trujillo, led attacks by Dominican soldiers that resulted in the deaths of thousands of Haitians. By what name is this known?

    • Parsley Massacre
    • Poppy Pogrom
    • Pot Genocide

    Answer: Parsley Massacre.

    In October 1937, Dominican Army troops ordered by Rafael Trujillo killed an estimated 20,000 Haitians in the northwestern frontier and Cibao region. Known as the Parsley massacre, victims were killed or fled across the Dajabón River; the name stems from a reported pronunciation test, where Haitians had to pronounce the Spanish word for parsley, perejil, to the satisfaction of the interrogators, though scholars consider this mythic.


    Five

    On this day in 1957, a classic war film had it premiere. The film which featured the River Kwai in its title went on to win the Academy Award for the Best Picture. What was the film’s full title; and who starred as Colonel Nicholson, the senior British officer in the prisoner of war camp?

    Answer: The Bridge on the River Kwai; Alec Guinness.

    The 1957 epic war film The Bridge on the River Kwai, directed by David Lean and based on Pierre Boulle’s novel. It notes that while the story is fictional, it is set against the historical construction of the Burma Railway in 1942–1943. The film stars William Holden, Alec Guinness, and Jack Hawkins. The Bridge on the River Kwai was the highest-grossing film of 1957, won seven Academy Awards including Best Picture, and is preserved in the National Film Registry. It appears on the American Film Institute’s best list and was ranked 11th by the British Film Institute.


  • 7 Up

    Elvis Presley..
    Image Wikimedia Commons

    Today’s questions all relate to this date, 2 October, but have nothing else in common. Although numbered one to five there are seven answers.

    One

    On this day, Charles Darwin returned to the United Kingdom after his five-year voyage making observations and gathering specimens, which led to his theory of evolution. In what decade did he return to the UK; and what connects this voyage to Charlie Brown’s dog?


    Two

    Mummy brown, a shade of brown which appeared in the news on this day in 1964 was a colour which was named so because it was:

    • The mother of all shades of brown
    • The colour of habit worn by the Superior Mother Superior of the Carmelite Order
    • A pigment made from the flesh of mummies

    Three

    In 1954, Elvis Presley appeared on the radio show the Grand Ole Opry On how many occasions in total did he appear on this show?

    • Once
    • Twice
    • Three Times

    Four

    In 1937, a speech by the Dominican Republic’s Dictator, Rafael Trujillo, led attacks by Dominican soldiers that resulted in the deaths of thousands of Haitians. By what name is this known?

    • Parsley Massacre
    • Poppy Pogrom
    • Pot Genocide

    Five

    On this day in 1957, a classic war film had it premiere. The film which featured the River Kwai in its title went on to win the Academy Award for the Best Picture. What was the film’s full title; and who starred as Colonel Nicholson, the senior British officer in the prisoner of war camp?


    Good luck! I’ll post the answers later.


  • Fact Finders — Answers

    Today’s Answers

    Sir Philip Sidney. See question five.
    Image Wikimedia Commons

    Today’s questions are all related to the date, 22nd September. Unusually there are seven questions and the post title should help you find the relevant facts.

    One

    The SI unit of capacitance is named after an English scientist born today in 1791. What is this unit?

    Answer: Farad.

    The Farad honours Michael Faraday, a self-taught English scientist whose early work in electromagnetism and electrochemistry laid the groundwork for modern electric motors and the concept of the electromagnetic field. He defined this field and showed that magnetism can affect light, while developing principles of electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism, and the laws of electrolysis. His invention of electromagnetic rotary devices helped make electricity practical for technological use.


    Two

    This professional boxer was the World Heavyweight Champion from 1959 to 1960, beating Floyd Patterson to win the title. He also appeared in the role of Private Torgil in the film All the Young Men (1960). Who was he?

    Answer: Ingemar Johansson.

    Ingemar Johansson, a Swedish world heavyweight champion, was disqualified in the 1952 Olympic semifinal against Ed Sanders for not fighting actively. The IOC awarded him the silver medal in 1982.


    Three

    The events asked about in question seven below took place in what US state?

    Answer: New York.

    See comments after answer seven below.


    Four

    Discovered over a period of ten years from the mid-1940s at the Qumran Caves in the West Bank, these became publicly available for the first time on 22 September 1991. What are they?

    Answer: Dead Sea Scrolls.

    Discovered near the Dead Sea, the Dead Sea Scrolls are mainly Hebrew manuscripts on leather and papyrus dating from the 3rd century BCE to the 2nd century CE. Most scholars link them to a Qumrān sect, possibly the Essenes. They include biblical and sectarian texts, aiding reconstruction of Palestine’s history and insights into Christianity and rabbinic Judaism.


    Five

    In 1586, at the Battle of Zutphen in an action against the Spanish, the English statesman, soldier and poet Sir Philip Sidney was mortally injured, dying the following month. During what long war was this battle fought?

    Answer: Eighty Years War.

    Philip Sidney, an Elizabethan courtier and poet, authored Astrophel and Stella and The Defence of Poesie. From an influential family, he travelled Europe and served as ambassador to Rudolf II and Louis VI in 1577. On 22 September 1586 Sidney volunteered to block Spanish supplies to Zutphen, charging three times despite being outnumbered; a bullet shattered his thigh, yet he rode from the field. Taken to Arnhem, his wound became infected leading to his death four weeks later.


    Six

    In 1976, the US Food and Drug Administration banned … Dye No. 4 after it was discovered that it causes tumours in the bladders of dogs. What word is missing from the previous fact?

    Answer: Red.

    Red Dye No. 4, also known as Scarlet GN, is a red azo dye previously used as a food colourant. As a food additive, it is identified by the E number E125. It is generally supplied as a disodium salt.


    Seven

    What is the surname of the person who, on or about, this date in 1823 had a vision of an angel named Moroni?

    Answer: Smith.

    In 1823, near Manchester, in western New York, Joseph Smith reported a vision from Moroni concerning buried golden plates, which he excavated and translated into the Book of Mormon. Smith founded a religion claiming God restored the true church.


    Bonus Question

    The answers above should help with a word linked prominently to today’s quiz, although it is not the bonus answer but it might leave you in a muddle. The bonus answer you are looking for is the name of a television programme that debuted on 22nd September 1994. Which TV show?

    Answer: Friends.

    Your answers should have been Faraday, Ingemar Johansson, New York, Dead Sea Scrolls Eighty Years War, Red, Smith. Remember you were told the title — Fact Finders — would help you and the first words in each answer gives F I N D E R S. Another hint was ‘it might leave you in a muddle’: if you ‘muddle’ F I N D E R S you can end up with F R I E N D S.


  • Fact Finders

    Sir Philip Sidney. See question five.
    Image Wikimedia Commons

    Today’s questions are all related to the date, 22nd September. Unusually there are seven questions and the post title should help you find the relevant facts.

    One

    The SI unit of capacitance is named after an English scientist born today in 1791. What is this unit?


    Two

    This professional boxer was the World Heavyweight Champion from 1959 to 1960, beating Floyd Patterson to win the title. He also appeared in the role of Private Torgil in the film All the Young Men (1960). Who was he?


    Three

    The events asked about in question seven below took place in what US state?


    Four

    Discovered over a period of ten years from the mid-1940s at the Qumran Caves in the West Bank, these became publicly available for the first time on 22 September 1991. What are they?


    Five

    In 1586, at the Battle of Zutphen in an action against the Spanish, the English statesman, soldier and poet Sir Philip Sidney was mortally injured, dying the following month. During what long war was this battle fought?


    Six

    In 1976, the US Food and Drug Administration banned … Dye No. 4 after it was discovered that it causes tumours in the bladders of dogs. What word is missing from the previous fact?


    Seven

    What is the surname of the person who, on or about, this date in 1823 had a vision of an angel named Moroni?


    Bonus Question

    The answers above should help with a word linked prominently to today’s quiz, although it is not the bonus answer but it might leave you in a muddle. The bonus answer you are looking for is the name of a television programme that debuted on 22nd September 1994. Which TV show?


    Good luck! I’ll post the answers later.


  • Far Flung Fortifications Fit VII

    Workers at the Troy Dam & Lock, New York, c.1915.

    Over the next nine days, 46 questions will be posed, one for each letter of the alphabet plus 20 others (There will be six one day). The 20 others appear as duplicate letters, and these duplicates spell out the name of the Roman Fortification which in CE 150 to 160 was the furthest boundary from the city of Rome, and the country that it was situated in. It is a three-word answer with eight letters in the first part of the name and four in the second part; the country has eight letters in its name. 
BTW Fit, as used in the post title, is an archaic term meaning ‘a division of a song, ballad, or story’.

    Thirty-one

    If reading a 32-point compass rose from north in a clockwise direction what point follows S?


    Thirty-two

    What word is defined as a ‘facility on a watch for measuring speed’?


    Thirty-three

    What is the Chinese province whose capital city is Chengdu?


    Thirty-four

    The Troy Dam and Lock, on the Hudson River at Troy, New York, are operated by (the) …


    Thirty-five

    During what war is the 1854 poem The Charge of the Light Brigade set?


    Good luck! I’ll post the answers at a later date.


  • Far Flung Fortifications Fit I

    Duran Duran, 1983. See question 2.
    Image Wikimedia Commons

    Over the next nine days, 46 questions will be posed, one for each letter of the alphabet plus 20 others (There will be six one day). The 20 others appear as duplicate letters, and these duplicates spell out the name of the Roman Fortification which in CE 150 to 160 was the furthest boundary from the city of Rome, and the country that it was situated in. It is a three-word answer with eight letters in the first part of the name and four in the second part; the country has eight letters in its name.
    BTW Fit, as used in the post title, is an archaic term meaning ‘a division of a song, ballad, or story’.

    One

    To whom was R. Kelly married from 1994 to 1995?


    Two

    What 1968 film influenced the band Duran Duran’s choice of name?


    Three

    The Chinese Exclusion Act was signed into law by the 21st president of the US in 1882 who incidentally gave his name to an elementary school in a 1995 film. Who was this president?


    Four

    In what month and year was the world’s first atomic bomb dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima?


    Five

    What word can be defined as: the number below the line in a vulgar fraction; a divisor?


    Good luck! I’ll post all of the answers after the questions have all been asked.


  • Broils

    Image Wikimedia Commons

    Today’s questions are a mixed bag of trivia.

    One

    What kind of marine lizard appears in the above image?


    Two

    Which capital city in the continental Americas has the smallest population?


    Three

    When Robert H. Goddard launched the first liquid-fuelled rocket in 1926, from a location in Massachusetts, USA, what, along with gasoline, supplied the fuel?


    Four

    This quote from Wikipedia (August 2026) refers to which tennis player whose name has been removed:

    “… is the only player in the history of tennis (male or female) to have won titles on all court surfaces of his time (grass, clay, hard, carpet, wood).”


    Skellig Michael.
    Image Wikimedia Commons

    Five

    Skellig Michael, a twin-peaked rock, served as a filming site for which 2017 production, and off which nation’s coast does it lie?


    Good luck! I’ll post the answers later.


  • King Ottokar’s Sceptre — Answers

    Here are the answers to the thirty questions from the last six days.

    Something different will occur over the next few days. I will pose five questions each day for six days across various subjects, and each answer will begin with a distinct letter of the alphabet. As you likely deduced, five questions per day across six days yields thirty answers, each starting with a unique letter, leaving four unaccounted for. Consequently, four duplicates exist; in their order of appearance, they spell the name of a villainous figure from the eighth volume of a comic originally serialised in the first half of the 20th century. Although this character is not widely known, the aim is to correctly identify the second, duplicate iteration of these initial letters to reveal the name. The answers will not be given on the same day as the questions but at the end.

    Day One

    One

    Moloko Plus, a barbiturate-spiked milk drink, features in which Anthony Burgess novel?

    Answer: A Clockwork Orange.

    Moloko Plus, from the Russian word for milk, is a barbiturate-spiked milk served in the Korova Milk Bar.


    Two

    What is the only planet in our solar system named after a Greek god rather than a Roman one?

    Answer: Uranus.

    Roughly seven decades after its discovery, the planet named after the Greek god Uranus.


    Three

    Israel defeated Egypt, Jordan and Syria in the deftly named 5–10 June 1967 war?

    Answer: Six-day War.

    Tensions had escalated sharply after Egypt closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping, prompting Israel to launch surprise pre-emptive airstrikes on 5 June that destroyed much of Egypt’s air force. Israeli ground offensives then rapidly captured territory on the Egyptian, Jordanian and Syrian fronts in the Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, East Jerusalem and Golan Heights.


    Four

    What English archaeologist, army officer, diplomat and writer had the forenames Thomas Edward?

    Answer: T.E. Lawrence.

    Thomas Edward Lawrence, known as Lawrence of Arabia, was a British officer, archaeologist, and writer. He played a key role in the Arab Revolt during WWI, capturing Damascus in 1918. Post-war, he worked in the Foreign Office, published Seven Pillars of Wisdom, and contributed to RAF rescue motorboat development.


    Five

    Which letter represents tungsten within the periodic table of elements?

    Answer: W.

    The W is from German Wolfram, which it is also known as. Tungsten is used in English and French, while wolfram is preferred in many European languages and yields the symbol W. Wolfram was accepted by IUPAC in 1949 but revised in 1950; tungsten remains common in Britain and the United States.


    Day Two

    Six

    How many times were the Olympic Games held in Asia during the 20th century?

    Answer: Four.

    During the 20th century (1901–2000), the Olympic Games were held in Asia four times. The Summer Games were staged in 1964 in Tokyo, Japan, and 1988 in Seoul, South Korea. The Winter Games took place in 1972 in Sapporo and 1998 in Nagano, both in Japan.


    Seven

    Farrokh Bulsara became a chemical element, which one?

    Answer: Mercury.

    Freddie Mercury, born Farrokh Bulsara, co-founded Queen with Brian May and Roger Taylor. A British singer, songwriter and pianist, he gained global fame through his vocal range and theatrical style that shaped the band’s artistic direction.


    Eight

    Scientists think the … is a giant spherical shell surrounding the Sun, planets and Kuiper Belt Objects. It’s like a big, thick bubble around our solar system, made of icy, comet-like objects.

    — NASA Science

    The statement above comes from NASA Science’s website; which two words have been omitted from it?

    Answer: Oort Cloud.

    Jan Oort proposed the Oort Cloud, a distant spherical shell of icy bodies spanning 2,000–100,000 AU (Astronomical units).


    Nine

    First appearing in the 1979 novel Jailbird, the fictional Ramjac Corporation appears in the writings of which US author?

    Answer: Kurt Vonnegut.

    RAMJAC Corporation, a fictional megacorp in Kurt Vonnegut’s Jailbird, at its peak owns 19 percent of the United States, double the next largest conglomerate in the Free World.


    Ten

    Which religion’s traditional religious dress includes the kushti and sedreh?

    Answer: Zoroastrianism.

    The sedreh is the sacred Zoroastrian undergarment worn with the kushti, or sacred girdle. Both garments form an important part of Zoroastrian religious dress.


    Day Three

    Eleven

    What is the only capital city that features in the Nato phonetic alphabet?

    Answer: Lima.

    Lima is both the capital and the largest city of Peru.


    Twelve

    Which Walter Scott story features Lady Rowena?

    Answer: Ivanhoe: A Romance or Ivanhoe.

    Published in December 1819 as a Waverley novel, Ivanhoe by Walter Scott shifted to the 1190s high-medieval period and became his best-known work with many twentieth-century adaptations.


    Thirteen

    Which letter comes between epsilon and eta in the Greek alphabet?

    Answer: Zeta.

    Zeta is the sixth Greek alphabet letter, pronounced /ˈziːtə/ in the UK and /ˈzeɪtə/ in the US. It has a numerical value of 7 and originates from the Phoenician letter zayin. Zeta influenced the Roman Z and Cyrillic З. The Greek letter zeta was named differently from its Phoenician origin, following the pattern of beta, eta, and theta. Zed, the name for the Latin letter Z in Commonwealth English, derives from zeta. Swedish and many Romance languages use zeta for both Greek and Roman Z forms.


    Fourteen

    The dollar is the currency of which nation on Borneo’s northern coast?

    Answer: Brunei (aka Brunei Darussalam).

    Officially Brunei Darussalam, a Southeast Asian nation on Borneo’s northern coast, is an absolute monarchy led by Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah since 1967. The currency is the Brunei dollar (BND). Rich in petroleum and natural gas, it achieved significant economic growth in the 1990s-2000s. Brunei is highly developed, politically stable, and a member of several international organisations.


    Fifteen

    Who wrote the song Mama Told Me Not To Come?

    Answer: Randy Newman.

    Composed by Randy Newman for Eric Burdon in 1966, ‘Mama Told Me Not to Come’ topped the US Billboard Hot 100 through Three Dog Night in 1970; Tom Jones and Stereophonics reached number four in the UK in 2000.


    Day Four

    Sixteen

    Which West Indian dance shares its name with the first circle of Hell in Dante’s Inferno?

    Answer: Limbo.

    Limbo, originating in Trinidad and Tobago wakes, involves passing under a low bar. Julia Edwards popularised it in the 1950s and toured globally from the 1960s. Limbo, from Latin limbus, denotes a medieval Catholic afterlife state for those dying in original sin without assignment to Hell.


    Seventeen

    What are coloured differently in a person with heterochromia?

    Answer: Eyes.

    Heterochromia involves colour variation in irises, hair or skin, driven by melanin production, delivery and concentration. It may be inherited or result from genetic mosaicism, chimerism, disease or injury, occurring in humans and certain domesticated breeds.


    Eighteen

    Formed in San Francisco in 1965, this US psychedelic rock group gained a f
    Popular following based on their albums but had no great luck with singles, their biggest hit being ‘ Fresh Air’. The band name has some verbal linkage to the chemical Mercury and to text messaging; what is that three-word name?

    Answer: Quicksilver Messenger Service.

    Formed in 1965 in San Francisco, Quicksilver Messenger Service shaped psychedelic rock with jazz, classical and folk influences. Members included John Cipollina, Gary Duncan, Greg Elmore, David Freiberg, Nicky Hopkins and Dino Valenti. Despite limited singles success, albums reached the Top 30; Duncan and Freiberg toured in 2006.


    Nineteen

    Escudella is a traditional stew-soup of which European region?

    Answer: Catalonia (also Valencia).

    Escudella i carn d’olla is a traditional Catalan and Valencian soup with meat and vegetables. Francesc Eiximenis noted daily consumption in the 14th century. It features a pilota, seasonal vegetables, bones and botifarra.


    Twenty

    Truman Capote described which Breakfast at Tiffany’s character as an ‘American geisha’?

    Answer: Holly Golightly.

    Truman Capote’s 1958 novella Breakfast at Tiffany’s depicts a writer’s New York City memories of neighbour Holly Golightly; a 1961 film adaptation followed.


    Day Five

    Twenty-one

    Who was the first actor to refuse the Academy award for Best Actor?

    Answer: George C Scott.

    George Campbell Scott, an American actor known for stern authority roles, declined his Academy Award for Patton. His accolades include two Golden Globes and two Primetime Emmys; his work spanned stage, film and television, often with wives Colleen Dewhurst and Trish Van Devere.


    Twenty-two

    Which great apes are the heaviest tree-dwelling animals?

    Answer: Orangutang.

    Orangutans, genus Pongo, are arboreal great apes in Indonesia and Malaysia, comprising Bornean, Sumatran and Tapanuli species. They are solitary, long-lived, fruit-eating apes with reddish-brown hair; dominant males develop cheek pads.


    Twenty-three

    Kashgar, the westernmost Chinese city, is located in which province?

    Answer: Xinjiang.

    Xinjiang, the largest Chinese division, spans 1.6 million square kilometres with 25 million people. Bordering eight countries and three regions, mountain ranges divide the Dzungarian and Tarim basins; only 9.7% is habitable. Ethnic groups include Uyghurs and Han Chinese.


    Twenty-four

    Who was the first racing driver to win the world title in a car made by his own company?

    Answer: Jack Brabham.

    Brabham, an Australian driver and executive, won three Formula One titles (1959, 1960, 1966) and 14 Grands Prix. Co-founding Brabham in 1960, he remains the only champion in an eponymous car. After retiring in 1970, he returned to Australia.


    Twenty-five

    In computing what is half a byte called?

    Answer: Nibble.

    A nibble is four bits, half a byte, and typically represented by one hexadecimal digit. Four-bit systems use nibbles for storage and operations.

    _____________________________

    Day Six

    Twenty-six

    The 1971 film Up Your Legs Forever was directed by John Lennon and which Japanese multimedia artist?

    Answer: Yoko Ono.

    Up Your Legs Forever, filmed in Manhattan by John Lennon and Yoko Ono without permits, follows a script requiring continuous upward shots of 367 pairs of legs. Participants received $1 and a photograph; notable figures included Shirley Clarke and the New York Dolls.


    Twenty-seven

    In 1977, the guillotine was last used to execute French criminals during whose presidency?

    Answer: Valéry Giscard d’Estaing.

    Valéry Giscard d’Estaing was the President of France from 1974 to 1981. The last person to be executed by a government via guillotine was Hamida Djandoubi, a Tunisian murderer, on 10 September 1977 in France.


    Twenty-eight

    Jai alai is a version of what game?

    Answer: Pelota.

    Pelota (Spanish for ball) refers to the popular and shortened names for a number of ball games: Basque pelota, Jai alai, Palla, Pelota mixteca and Pétanque among others.


    Twenty-nine

    Francis Bacon modelled the ‘screaming pope’ in Head VI (1949) on which Spanish painter’s Portrait of Pope Innocent X?

    Answer: Diego Velázquez (in full Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez).

    Diego Velázquez, a Spanish Baroque painter and leading artist for Philip IV, produced works including Las Meninas. His style influenced later artists, and most pieces are held in the Museo del Prado.


    Thirty

    In 1937, Edwin H Land founded which company to exploit the use of a namesake polarising polymer?

    Answer: Polaroid.

    Founded in 1937 by Edwin H. Land, Polaroid Corporation produced instant film and cameras creating the first instant camera, the Land Camera, in 1948. After bankruptcy in 2001 the assets passed through owners until Wiaczesław Smołokowski acquired them in 2017, enabling Impossible Project to rebrand as Polaroid Originals and later Polaroid.


    King Ottokar’s Sceptre

    The four repeated letters – Z, L, O and P – featured on days 3 to 6 and point you towards Zlop. He’s a villain from Hergé’s King Ottokar’s Sceptre, which ran from 1938 to 1939; as I said in the daily introduction he is not well-known but the aim was to identify the duplicate letters. King Ottokar’s Sceptre satirises Nazi expansionism in Europe as Tintin and Snowy stand up for King Muskar XII’s monarchy in Syldavia.