Which Scottish physician successfully demonstrated the anaesthetic properties of chloroform in 1847?
Answer: Sir James Young Simpson
Sir James Young Simpson first successfully demonstrated chloroform as a general anaesthetic on November 4, 1847. This revolutionised surgery and childbirth.
Two
In which century did the Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II against Spanish rule in the Viceroyalty of Peru begin?
Answer: 18th century (1780)
The rebellion was one of the largest indigenous uprisings in Spanish American history and inspired later movements for independence.
Jane Goodall with Prof and Pax. Photograph by Michael Nichols / National Geographic via Wikipedia
Three
Which primatologist first observed chimpanzees making and using tools in Tanzania in 1960?
Answer: Jane Goodall
This pioneering observation at the Kasakela Chimpanzee Community challenged the belief that tool use was unique to humans.
Four
In 1956, which country did Soviet troops invade to suppress a revolution that began on 23 October?
Answer: Hungary
The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was a significant Cold War event, resulting in thousands of casualties and a mass exodus of refugees.
Five
UNESCO’s constitution entered into force on 4 November 1946, officially establishing the organisation. What does the acronym UNESCO stand for?
Answer: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
UNESCO promotes international collaboration in education, science and culture. Its activities focus on supporting national efforts to eliminate illiteracy and extend free education.
National Mall, Lincoln Memorial and Washington Monument, Washington D.C. Image Wikipedia
One
What decade saw the first time that residents of Washington, D.C. could vote in a U.S. presidential election
Answer: 1960s (1964)
Twenty-Third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961, granted D.C. three electoral votes—the same number as the least-populous state. Before this, its residents had no say in electing the president or vice-president.
Two
Today Henry VIII of England became the first Supreme Head of the Church of England. In which century was this?
Answer: 16th century (1534)
The Act of Supremacy officially severed England’s ties with the Roman Catholic Church and papal authority, paving the way for the English Reformation. Henry’s motivations were both political and personal; he desired an annulment from Catherine of Aragon.
A dog named Laika went into space on this day in 1957. Which of these craft carried her: Soyuz 1, Sputnik 2 or Salyut 3?
Answer: Sputnik 2
Laika, a stray from Moscow’s streets, became a global icon of the Space Race. Sadly, she died within hours due to overheating, although the Soviets initially claimed she survived for several days.
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Four
On this date, the Caribbean island nation of Dominica was first sighted by Europeans. Four hundred and eighty-five years later, it gained independence from a European country. What does the island’s name mean and from which country did it achieve independence?
Answer: United Kingdom; and Sunday
On 3 November 1493, Christopher Columbus sighted Dominica and named it Dies Dominica, meaning ‘the Lord’s Day’. Four hundred and eighty-five years later, on 3 November 1978, Dominica achieved independence after being a British colony and briefly a French one.
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Five
On this day in 1911, a racing driver and engineer, born in 1878, co-founded the American motor car manufacturer Chevrolet, who was he and in what country was he born?
Answer: Louis Chevrolet; Switzerland
Louis Chevrolet’s name lives on in one of America’s most famous car brands, but he sold his stake early and never profited from its later success. Ironically, he died while working for a rival carmaker.
A dog named Laika went into space on this day in 1957. Which of these craft carried her: Soyuz 1, Sputnik 2 or Salyut 3?
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Four
On this date, the Caribbean island nation of Dominica was first sighted by Europeans. Four hundred and eighty-five years later, it gained independence from a European country. What does the island’s name mean and from which country did it achieve independence?
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Five
On this day in 1911, a racing driver and engineer, born in 1878, co-founded the American motor car manufacturer Chevrolet, who was he and in what country was he born?
Here are the answers to the questions I posted earlier.
One
Which country, independent since late 1951, was raised from colonial status to part of Italy proper in 1938 by decree of Italy’s Fascist Grand Council?
Answer: Libya
Italian colonisation of Libya began in the 1920s, with significant investment in infrastructure and immigration. After World War II, Libya gained independence in 1951, becoming a kingdom under King Idris I.
Daily Reenactment at the O.K. Corral. Image Wikipedia
Two
Where did the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral take place in 1881?
Answer: Tombstone, Arizona
The gunfight at the O.K. Corral, a brief but deadly shootout between lawmen (Wyatt Earp, his brothers and Doc Holiday) and outlaws (Billy Claiborne, brothers Ike and Billy Clanton, and brothers Tom and Frank McLaury) in Tombstone, Arizona Territory, on 26 October 1881, has become an iconic event of the American Old West. The conflict, fuelled by a long-standing feud and a city ordinance prohibiting weapons, resulted in the deaths of three men and injuries to three others. The incident, largely unknown until Wyatt Earp’s death, gained widespread attention through books and films, solidifying its place in popular culture.
Three
On this day in 1955, which European country declared a law of perpetual neutrality?
Answer: Austria
Since 1955, Austria has been a permanently neutral country—a status declared after the end of post-war Allied occupation. The Austrian State Treaty restored the nation’s sovereignty on the condition that it would not join any military alliances or permit foreign bases on its soil. This neutrality, enshrined in the constitution, has shaped Austria’s identity as a bridge between East and West during the Cold War and beyond.
Erie Canal, aqueduct over the Mohawk River at Rexford. Image Wikipedia
Four
When was the Erie Canal, a major US transport route, inaugurated?
Answer: 1825
The canal connected the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean, fuelling trade and the growth of New York City.
Five
How many terms did François Mitterrand, who was born today in 1916, serve as President of France?
Answer: Two
François Mitterrand, a French politician, served as President of France from 1981 to 1995, marking the longest tenure in the country’s history under the Fifth Republic. Initially aligned with the Catholic nationalist right, he shifted to the left, becoming the first left-wing president. His presidency was marked by significant reforms, such as the abolition of the death penalty and the promotion of French culture, but also faced controversies like the bombing of the Rainbow Warrior. Mitterrand’s tenure spanned pivotal events like the fall of the Berlin Wall and the foundation of the European Union.
These questions all relate to today’s date, October 26th.
François Mitterand, 1983. See question 5. Image Wikipedia
One
Which country, independent since late 1951, was raised from colonial status to part of Italy proper in 1938 by decree of Italy’s Fascist Grand Council?
Two
Where did the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral take place in 1881?
Three
On this day in 1955, which European country declared a law of perpetual neutrality?
Four
When was the Erie Canal, a major US transport route, inaugurated?
Five
How many terms did François Mitterrand, who was born today in 1916, serve as President of France?
The Battle of Agincourt, 15th-century miniature, Enguerrand de Monstrelet. Image Wikipedia
One
The Battle of Agincourt took place on 25 October 1415. In what department of France is the battlefield?
Answer: Pas-de-Calais
The unexpected victory of the vastly outnumbered English troops against the numerically superior French army boosted English morale and prestige crippling France and heralding a new era of English dominance in the war.
Two
On what island in New York Harbor does the Statue of Liberty stand, and by what name was the island known prior to it being renamed by an act of the United States Congress in 1956?
Answer: Liberty Island, formerly Bedloe’s Island
The Statue of Liberty, a neoclassical sculpture gifted by France, stands on Liberty Island in New York Harbour. Designed by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and built by Gustave Eiffel, it was dedicated on 28 October 1886.
Three
The deepest known point on Earth’s seabed is almost 7 miles (approximately 11 kilometres) deep. What is its name and in which ocean is it located?
Answer: Challenger Deep in the Pacific Ocean
On 23 March 1875, the British Royal Navy’s HMS Challenger with depth soundings taken by Baillie-weighted marked rope, and geographical locations were determined by celestial navigation (to an estimated accuracy of two nautical miles). Seventy-five years later HMS Challenger II took depth soundings but the depth was beyond their echo sound equipment so they used a weighted line…
The Senior Scientist aboard Challenger II, Thomas Gaskell, recalled:
It took from ten past five in the evening until twenty to seven, that is an hour and a half, for the iron weight to fall to the sea-bottom. It was almost dark by the time the weight struck, but great excitement greeted the reading…
Challenger Deep has a depth of approximately 10,935 meters (35,876 feet) below sea level.
Four
On 20 July 1969, Apollo 11 landed on the Moon at the Sea of Tranquillity (Mare Tranquillitatis). A few months later, on 19 November 1969, Apollo 12 landed at a seemingly less tranquil location. Where did Apollo 12 land?
Answer: Ocean of Storms (Oceanus Procellarum)
Six Apollo missions landed on the Moon: Apollo 11 to 17, except Apollo 13, which suffered severe damage after an explosion and missed landing. Twelve astronauts walked on the lunar surface during these missions. The final Apollo astronauts departed the Moon in December 1972.
Photograph of Mount Erebus (and Adélie penguins) taken by the Terra Nova expedition in 1913. Image Wikipedia
Five
McMurdo Station (US) and Scott Base (NZ) are Antarctic research stations located on the Hut Point Peninsula. Two questions: firstly, on what island is this peninsula located; and secondly, the island is home to the planet’s southernmost active volcano, what is that volcano?
Answer: Ross Island and Mount Erebus
Ross Island was named after James Clark Ross a British naval officer and explorer. Hut Point, at the southern tip of Hut Point Peninsula on Ross Island, is a small, ice-free promontory near McMurdo Station. Designated as ASPA No. 158, entry requires a permit. It holds historical significance with a hut and artefacts from the 1901-04 British National Antarctic Expedition led by Captain Robert Falcon Scott, also designated as HSM No. 18. McMurdo Station, operated by the National Science Foundation (NSF), is the largest research station in Antarctica, serving as a logistics hub. Ross Island’s Mount Erebus is 3,794 metres (12,448 ft) in height.
The first question concerns today, October 25th, and the subsequent questions follow a theme.
The Battle of Agincourt, 15th-century miniature, Enguerrand de Monstrelet. Image Wikipedia
One
The Battle of Agincourt took place on 25 October 1415. In what department of France is the battlefield?
Two
On what island in New York Harbor does the Statue of Liberty stand, and by what name was the island known prior to it being renamed by an act of the United States Congress in 1956?
Three
The deepest known point on Earth’s seabed is almost 7 miles (approximately 11 kilometres) deep. What is its name and in which ocean is it located?
Four
On 20 July 1969, Apollo 11 landed on the Moon at the Sea of Tranquillity (Mare Tranquillitatis). A few months later, on 19 November 1969, Apollo 12 landed at a seemingly less tranquil location. Where did Apollo 12 land?
Five
McMurdo Station (US) and Scott Base (NZ) are Antarctic research stations located on the Hut Point Peninsula. Two questions: firstly, on what island is this peninsula located; and secondly, the island is home to the planet’s southernmost active volcano, what is that volcano?
Here are the answers to the questions I posted earlier.
Edison incandescent light bulb enclosed in cage. Image Wikipedia
One
On October 21, Thomas Edison applied for a patent for his design for an incandescent light bulb. In which decade did he make this application?
Answer: 1870s
Thomas Edison, an American inventor and businessman, developed influential devices like the phonograph and electric light bulb. He pioneered organised scientific invention and established the first industrial research laboratory.
Two
In 1984, Niki Lauda clinched Formula One’s World Drivers’ Championship for the final time. How many times had he won the title in total?
Answer: Three
Austrian racing driver Niki Lauda competed in Formula One from 1971 to 1979 and 1982 to 1985, winning three World Drivers’ Championships—1975, 1977 and 1984—with Ferrari and McLaren. He survived a horrific crash in 1976 and made a remarkable comeback to win his second and third titles. Beyond racing, Lauda founded three airlines and held advisory and team principal roles in Formula One.
Three
In 1940, the first edition of Ernest Hemingway’s For Whom the Bell Tolls was published. In what war was the story set?
Answer: Spanish Civil War
Ernest Hemingway’s 1940 novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls, follows Robert Jordan, an American volunteer in the Spanish Civil War, tasked with destroying a bridge. The book assumes knowledge of the war between the Republican government and the Nationalist faction, supported by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.
Four
The Guggenheim Museum opened in New York on this date in 1959. Which architect designed its iconic spiral building?
Answer: Frank Lloyd Wright
Wright’s radical design broke from traditional gallery layouts, using a continuous ramp to display art in a flowing, organic space. The museum is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site, recognized for its innovation.
Five
The Battle of Trafalgar, fought on 21 October 1805, took place in the …. It was named after a prominent geographic feature: …. Firstly, what body of water and secondly, what geographic feature fill the two gaps in the previous sentence?
Answer: Atlantic Ocean; Cape Trafalgar
The Battle of Trafalgar was a decisive victory for the British Royal Navy against the combined French and Spanish fleets during the Napoleonic Wars. Admiral Lord Nelson’s tactics ensured Britain’s naval supremacy but cost him his life. Trafalgar Square in London was named to commemorate this victory.
On 21 October Thomas Edison applied for a patent for his design for an incandescent light bulb. In which decade did he make this application?
Two
In 1984, Niki Lauda clinched Formula One’s World Drivers’ Championship for the final time. How many times had he won the title in total?
Three
In 1940, the first edition of Ernest Hemingway’s For Whom the Bell Tolls was published. In what war was the story set?
Four
The Guggenheim Museum opened in New York on this date in 1959. Which architect designed its iconic spiral building?
Five
The Battle of Trafalgar, fought on 21 October 1805, took place in the …. It was named after a prominent geographic feature: the …. Firstly, what body of water and secondly, what geographic feature fill the two gaps in the previous sentence?
On 20 October 1973, which Australian landmark officially opened to the public? Sydney Opera House The Sydney Opera House, which was opened by Queen Elizabeth II, was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site, whose citation is
Inaugurated in 1973, the Sydney Opera House is a great architectural work of the 20th century that brings together multiple strands of creativity and innovation in both architectural form and structural design. A great urban sculpture set in a remarkable waterscape, at the tip of a peninsula projecting into Sydney Harbour, the building has had an enduring influence on architecture. The Sydney Opera House comprises three groups of interlocking vaulted ‘shells’ which roof two main performance halls and a restaurant. These shell-structures are set upon a vast platform and are surrounded by terrace areas that function as pedestrian concourses. In 1957, when the project of the Sydney Opera House was awarded by an international jury to Danish architect Jørn Utzon, it marked a radically new approach to construction. — UNESCO World Heritage Convention
Two
The Battle of Valdivia, part of the Chilean War of Independence, took place in which decade? 1820s This battle saw Chilean forces secure the southern stronghold from Spanish royalists, aiding in the country’s independence.
The Traveling Wilburys—top: 1. Jeff Lynne, 2. Tom Petty; bottom: 3. Roy Orbison, 4. Bob Dylan, 5. George Harrison
Three
Which iconic rock musician gave his final live performance with his band, the Traveling Wilburys, on this day in 1990? Roy Orbison Roy Orbison, part of the supergroup with George Harrison, Bob Dylan, Jeff Lynne and Tom Petty, passed away later that year.
On 20 October 2011, which long-time Libyan leader was captured and killed during the civil conflict? Muammar Gaddafi Muammar Gaddafi had ruled Libya for 42 years before being overthrown during the Arab Spring uprisings. His death, which ended one of Africa’s longest dictatorships, lead to years of instability in Libya.
Five
Which U.S. President signed the Louisiana Purchase Treaty on 20 October 1803? Thomas Jefferson The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the United States, adding roughly 828,000 square miles of territory.
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